Rabban Gamliel of Yavneh, also called Gamliel II, lived in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries CE. A member of the family of Hillel the Elder, he was the son of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, Nasi of the Sanhedrin, and the grandson of Rabban Gamliel the Elder.

After the Great Revolt against Rome and the destruction of the Second Temple, he succeeded Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai as Nasi of the Sanhedrin at Yavneh, around the year 80. He studied and debated halacha with the great Sages of his generation, Rabbi Yehoshua, Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Akiva.

His main goal was to unite the people under a single leadership, fearing that "the one Torah would become many Torahs." Under his presidency it was decided to rule according to Beit Hillel and to follow the majority of the Sages. He had Shimon HaPakuli arrange the text of the Amidah, whose recitation three times a day became an obligation for all, and had Shmuel HaKatan compose the blessing against heretics. He travelled throughout the land, and even to the Diaspora, to teach the new rulings and answer questions.

A very firm Nasi, he imposed his authority even on Rabbi Yehoshua. After another clash with him over the status of the evening prayer, the Sages deposed him in favour of Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah; he nonetheless kept attending the study hall as an ordinary member, made peace with Rabbi Yehoshua and was reinstated, with Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah preaching one Shabbat in four. The Talmud recounts a sea voyage with Rabbi Yehoshua, who had brought extra provisions because he knew that a star which leads sailors astray was due to appear.

He died around 118. To end the ruinous expense of burial shrouds, he asked to be buried in simple linen garments, which became the custom. His traditional tomb is in Yavneh, where a hilloula is held every year on 8 Sivan.